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Mark 12:13-34 Introduction

Have you ever heard the expression, “The enemy of my enemy is my friend”? We’ve seen this dynamic played out in the Middle East over the past half century. Islamic regimes that ordinarily have nothing but contempt for and suspicion of one another suddenly become the best of friends when the discussion turns to the annihilation of Israel and the Jews.

Even the Jewish community itself, though genuinely fragmented and divided sharply over a host of issues, manages to unite in amazing accord when it comes to their common fear, suspicion and contempt for Jews like me, who believe and openly teach that Yeshua, Jesus, is the promised Messiah.

As we take a look at Mark chapter 12, verses 13-34 this morning, we’ll be treated to a perfect example of this principle. It is astounding how groups which are otherwise fierce opponents of one another can cooperate when combating what they perceive to be a mutual threat. And make no mistake; Yeshua was a threat to them.

There’s something else we need to learn this morning, and I trust our study of this passage will aid in that endeavor. There are questions that are asked in all sincerity, with the desire to find an answer. Sincere questions deserve thoughtful, reasonable responses. There are, however, those who pose questions merely as a pretext; to lure you into a debate in which they hope to make you appear foolish and discredit you in front of others. When is a question not a question?

I. When it is Designed to Trap You

Verse 13 And they sent some of the Pharisees and Herodians to Him, in order to trap Him in a statement.

Who’s the “they” in verse 13? Where and when is this taking place? “Why do ‘they’ want to trap Him? Who’s ‘Him’? How do they plan to do it? I know we’d all like to get right to the action in this scene, but first let’s be sure we know who all the players are, and recap the “previous episode”. You want to ask “who?” “what?” “where?” “when?” “how?” and “why?” and get answers to those questions. It’s called contextualization, and it’s the foundation of good biblical exposition. If I don’t do it, I’m short-circuiting the process of understanding narrative literature, and I wouldn’t be doing you any favors. After we establish the context, we can better understand the scene, and later on we can go on to ask, “So what – how does this apply to me?

‘They’ are the chief cohanim (priests), the Torah-teachers (scribes) and zakkenim, elders. They represent the Jewish religious establishment of first-century Israel. Israel may be under the overall jurisdiction of Rome and Caesar and Herod, but locally, they are “the powers that be.”

‘He’ is Yeshua the young, modest, miracle-working rabbi from Nazareth in the Galilee, whose reputation for godliness and humility, coupled with His willingness to mingle with the common folk and even the ‘undesirables’, had gained Him a large following, and that following was growing by the day.

‘They’ don’t like ‘Him’ and in fact felt genuinely threatened by Him. Something about His teaching, without any patronizing, seemed to ennoble the common people, and that made the big wigs seem a little less intimidating. The long and the short of it was that Messiah Yeshua threatened their power-base, and that was intolerable. Thinking back to the prophecy of Jacob in Genesis 49, it seems that Shiloh had come, and Judah wasn’t ready to hand over that scepter just yet. The wielding of power and authority can have a corrupting influence in a fallen world, and power in the religious realm is no exception.

Now this scene is taking place just a few days before Passover, the last Passover that Yeshua would celebrate on earth before becoming the sacrificial Passover Lamb. And as if His popularity hadn’t made the religious leaders envious and paranoid enough, Yeshua had just two days earlier gone into the Temple and driven out all the profiteers from the precinct. That action had been long overdue, and I’m reasonably certain it made the average Israeli jump for joy. You see, for years the priests and sheep sellers had conspired to inflate the prices of lambs for the Passover, such that you had to pay exorbitantly for a lamb that was pre-approved, or else risk the priest managing to find (or manufacture) some microscopic defect in your animal, making it unsuitable for the sacrifice. In other words, you either paid their price or there was no lamb for your family for the Passover meal.

In that agrarian society, the average Israeli struggled to earn a living. Suppose you had sold your very best lamb back home and brought the money to Jerusalem, as the Torah provided for, in order to purchase an equivalent animal there. Suddenly you get to the Temple and are told that the price is two or three times what you got for your best animal back home. What are you to do? You would have to sell off some things to get the extra money, or else borrow from a relative. Talk about taking the joy out of Passover! But it gets worse. So you get the money you need and you come back to the merchant, and now they tell you, “I can’t accept that money. You have to pay me in ‘Temple Currency.’” What? So now you have to go over to another table and exchange the one form of money for another. But the money-changer is part of this whole deal, and they charge you a percentage for the service of making the exchange. So now, once again, you don’t have enough for the lamb you wanted. You either have to borrow more money, or else settle for a pair of doves, and what kind of meal does that make?

Needless to say, the people deeply resented the monopoly being run in the Temple, but were also powerless to do anything about it. God’s command was a lamb for Passover, and there was no exception made for corrupt leaders charging more money. So imagine the feeling of the common people when Yeshua went in there and read them the riot act and forcefully driving them out of the place. I’d have been shouting, “Yeeeeehaw!” (or whatever the Hebrew equivalent was). And so would you.

In chapter 11, the religious authorities asked Yeshua, not why He did it (everybody and their cousin knew perfectly well that they had it coming), but by what authority He did it. In other words, they knew that by cleansing the Temple of the profiteers, Yeshua was claiming to be the Messiah, of whom it was written through the prophet Malachi, Behold, I am going to send My messenger, and he will clear the way before Me. And the Lord, whom you seek, will suddenly come to His temple; and the messenger of the covenant in whom you delight, behold, He is coming,” says the Lord of hosts. “But who can endure the day of His coming? And who can stand when He appears? For He is like a refiner’s fire and like fullers’ soap… and He will purify the sons of Levi and refine them like gold and silver…” (Malachi 3:1-3a)

The chief priests, Torah-teachers and elders had long-since adopted an adversarial posture toward Yeshua. But His zealous cleansing of the Temple escalated their hostility exponentially. Neither did it ameliorate things any when Yeshua, in the verses immediately preceding our text this morning, spoke a parable against them, likening them to avaricious, ruthless custodians of a vineyard who refused to settle up accounts with the vineyard Owner, but routinely beat up and even killed those He sent to represent Him. The corrupt religious leaders wanted to seize Yeshua right then and there, but knew they couldn’t without risking an uprising on the part of the people.

But they determined that one way or another, they had to get rid of Him! He threatened their position of authority. They had to find a way to either trap Him in what He said, and hopefully bring capital charges against Him, or else stump Him with a question He couldn’t answer and publicly discredit Him in the eyes of the people. So again we read in verse 13, And they sent some of the Pharisees and Herodians to Him, in order to trap Him in a statement.

They really underestimated the Master. Did they really think He was that naïve to not see immediately what was going on? You need to know that Pharisees and Herodians didn’t exactly chum around. You would never have seen Pharisees and Herodians cooperating! The Pharisees, while shrewd enough to keep it to themselves, hated Rome and everything it stood for, and deeply resented being under the heavy hand of Caesar. They resented the taxes to Rome they had to pay, and they deeply resented having to answer to Herod.

The Herodians were Jewish pragmatists. They advocated the fostering of good relations between the Jewish nation and Herod, and argued that to do so would allow them to live peacefully. The Herodians hoped that through courting the good favor of Herod, he himself would be an advocate for them whenever matters of Roman policy clashed with Jewish interests, especially where religious practices were concerned.

Patriots and pragmatists don’t generally schmooze. Those of such opposite attitudes toward the powers-that-be just don’t socialize. They are opponents of one another! So when Yeshua saw Herodians and Pharisees approaching Him in the same company, naturally he was wary. It would have raised anyone’s suspicions! You have to wonder what was (or wasn’t) going through their minds. Did they really think they had the appearance of earnestness? Let’s continue in verse 14.

Verse 14 And they came and said to Him, “Teacher, we know that You are truthful, and defer to no one; for You are not partial to any, but teach the way of God in truth.

Did I mention they underestimated Him? Listen, wouldn’t you become suspicious if someone started lavishing you with compliments? I know I would. First of all, if someone came up to me and started ascribing all these virtues to me, I would assume they had the wrong Rabbi Harris. But in Yeshua’s case, everything they said was true. He is the greatest Teacher the world has ever seen. He not only spoke the truth, but He did not hesitate to speak uncomfortable truths to those who needed to hear them. He was completely just in all His dealings and did not show favoritism, and absolutely He taught the way of God in truth. His magnificent teachings are unmatched, though often co-opted. by the unscrupulous.

The thing is, if they really believed what they were saying, they wouldn’t have assumed they could lower His defenses through the use of flattery. It is one thing to pay a deserved compliment. Flattery, however, is a tool used by the unscrupulous to gain an advantage. Beware of flattery. Don’t employ it, and don’t fall for it. Those who would flatter you are buttering you up for the slaughter. So now that they are sure they’ve set Him up, they put the question to Him, as we read in verse 15.

Verse 15a Is it lawful to pay a poll –tax to Caesar, or not? Shall we pay, or shall we not pay?”

Seems like a straightforward enough question. But things are not always what they seem. Remember that nearly the entire audience here is Jewish. That means three things:

  1. They all pretty much hate Caesar’s guts.
  2. They’re all fed up with Caesar taxing them to death.
  3. They’re all going to stop what they’re doing to hear the answer to this question.

The Pharisees and Herodians are counting on these facts, and they have posed a yes-or-no question – one designed to either get Him killed or else destroy His following. If Yeshua says, “Yes, it’s lawful, and you should pay it,” then He’ll be branded as spineless and unpatriotic; and given the acrimony that existed between the Jews and Rome, He would lose His following altogether. Even worse, He might be accused of putting Caesar before God and of being a friend of heathendom, and be labeled a blasphemer and be charged with high crimes.

If Yeshua says “No, our only King is God, and the tax should not be paid,” (they were really hoping for this answer), then they simply report Him to Herod and Caesar, and He can be charged with sedition - advocating open rebellion against Roman law and of fomenting an insurrection, either of which would earn Him the death penalty.

Either way, they were sure they had Him in a corner with this question. I wouldn’t be surprised me if, while on their way to meet Him, they fought amongst themselves about who would get to ask it. In Luke’s description of the same encounter, he describes these men as: spies who pretended to be righteous, in order that they might catch Him in some statement, so as to deliver Him up to the rule and the authority of the governor. This was not a question. It was a ruse, trickery, deceit – the very depths of duplicity; all masquerading as a simple question about the propriety of taxes to a secular ruler, meant to destroy Yeshua.

Did I mention they underestimated Him? Let’s continue in verses 15 through 17.

Verses 15b - 17 But He, knowing their hypocrisy, said to them, “Why are you testing Me? Bring Me a denarius to look at.” And they brought one. And He said to them, “Whose likeness and inscription is this?” And they said to Him, “Caesar’s.” And Yeshua said to them, “Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s.”

What a wonderful reply, simple, comprehensible… and devastating to the agenda of those who put forward the question!

Today we tend to use the word “hypocrisy” to mean one who advocates one thing but practices another. But the word upokrisij was used at the time to mean “pretense” or “insincerity”. Yeshua was not for one minute fooled by these pretenders. You should not be, either. You and I should be able to distinguish between a sincere inquirer and someone who only wants a debate and who hopes to humiliate you.

How do you gauge a person’s sincerity? What are the signs to look for if you suspect duplicity? There are all kinds of things to watch for: vocal inflection (do they seem angry? Intense?), body posture (are their arms folded across their chest? Are their hands on their hips? Those signal an adversarial attitude, and are often done unconsciously), facial expressions (are they smirking or looking off in other directions, obviously not listening, while you thoughtfully address their concern?), do they interact thoughtfully with your answers or just dismiss them and proceed to fire off another “question”.

You are under no obligation whatsoever to provide answers to those uninterested in them, particularly when it is they who asked in the first place. And those who are duplicitous are undeserving of a decent reply. The Scriptures tell us not to answer a fool according to his folly, or else you will make him feel wise and clever in his own eyes. When you deal sincerely with the insincere, you are not doing them any favors. You just re-affirm in their minds their own “brilliance”, and that doesn’t help them on their way either to humility or repentance. It hinders. Nor is it a sign of godliness when you deal naively with the insincere. It is a sign of immaturity. Scripture goes on to say, answer the fool as his folly deserves. Here is the principle, and don’t forget it: Yeshua never gave a straight answer to a crooked question, and neither should you!

They wanted a simple “yes” or “no” which would have served their nefarious purposes, but instead Yeshua leaves them with a dilemma. Now they are left to figure out for themselves what belongs to Caesar and what belongs to God. They asked an intentionally hostile question, Yeshua gave them an intentionally vague reply. It was brilliant! Thus  we read at the end of verse 17:

And they were amazed at Him. Yeshua’s deft handling of the question enabled the crowd that witnessed it to see through the pretense, caused them to have to think, and strengthened the faith of His followers. Your wisdom in identifying the nature, not of the question, but of the questioner, will make a positive difference (even if it involves a rebuke), both for them and for those who listen in. When is a question not a question?

II. When it is Designed to Trip You Up

Verses 18-23 And some Sadducees (who say that there is no resurrection) came to Him, and began questioning Him, saying, “Teacher, Moses wrote for us that if a man’s brother dies, and leaves behind a wife, and leaves no child, his brother should take the wife, and raise up offspring to his brother. There were seven brothers; and the first took a wife, and died, leaving no offspring. And the second one took her, and died, leaving behind no offspring; and the third likewise; and so all seven left no offspring. Last of all, the woman died also. In the resurrection, when they rise again, which one’s wife will she be? For all seven had her as wife.”

What’s wrong with this question? The Sadducees, who asked it, denied the very premise of it. Like the previous question, this one’s also disingenuous. As far as the Sadducees were concerned, they might just as well have been asking about Goldilocks! Why would someone even ask a question, the very premise of which they deny, unless they’re just trying to pick a fight? It’s like the guy who asks in an obviously irritated tone of voice, “Are you saying that I’m going to go to Hell if I don’t accept Jesus?” The smart thing to do is to ask a question of your own: “Do you think Hell exists?” More often than not they say “No!” So I reply: “Then what do you care what I believe?”

I’ve had people ask me earnestly about the biblical teaching about Hell, and in those circumstances, I’ll patiently point them to the Scriptures; but almost always the guy who tries to pin you down on the matter of people who reject Yeshua going to Hell is just trying to paint you into a corner, to discredit you in front of others (this question is almost never asked without an audience present), and to portray you as a hateful, judgmental, self-righteous jerk. Okay, so even if I am all those things, why give this guy the satisfaction of thinking he’s right?

About the Sadducees

Let’s talk about the Sadducees (Tz’dukim in Hebrew, taken from the name of the High Priest in the time of David and Solomon - Zadok [meaning “righteous” or “just”]). They were a sect within Judaism that flourished from about two centuries before Yeshua to the time of the destruction of the Temple in AD 70. They were comprised mostly of the aristocratic and priestly Jewish families, who owed their considerable influence and power to alliances they had made with Rome. For these reasons, they were regarded (esp. by the Pharisees) as worldly and self-indulgent. In terms of their doctrines, the Sadducees were skeptical about the existence of angels, skeptical of the possibility of miracles (at least in their own day), didn’t believe the prophetic books should be included in the canon of Scripture, and didn’t believe in the resurrection of the dead and life in the world-to-come (all of which explains why they were sad-you-see). They were the equivalent of the modern professional clergyman who long since has ceased to believe in the supernatural, but still occupies the pulpit of a large, influential church, or who holds the Chair of their department at a prestigious (but now liberal) seminary.

So the Sadducees (who presume the non-existence of the world-to-come) present Yeshua with an unlikely, almost ridiculous scenario, and then pose a question about the world-to-come. Why? What purpose would it serve? Their intention was to pose a paradox which, should Yeshua attempt to resolve it, would make Him look ridiculous.

They, too, underestimated the Master. Yeshua, in His reply, “takes the gloves off” as it were. There is nothing mean-spirited in what He says, but in verses 24-27 he candidly points out their problem:

Verses 24-27 Yeshua said to them, “Is this not the reason you are mistaken, that you do not understand the Scriptures, or the power of God? For when they rise from the dead, they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like angels in heaven. But regarding the fact that the dead rise again, have you not read in the book of Moses, in the passage about the burning bush, how God spoke to him, saying, ‘I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob’? He is not the God of the dead, but of the living; you are greatly mistaken.”

What’s interesting about this is that, while Yeshua criticizes the Sadducees for their biblical and doctrinal deficiency, He nevertheless gives them what they didn’t deserve, a resolution to the alleged dilemma. There will be no husbands and wives in heaven. We, collectively, will be the bride and Yeshua the bridegroom. In the process, Yeshua also presents them with an argument for the existence of the World-To-Come. Over five hundred years after the time of Abraham, God identifies Himself to Moses as “the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob”. If physical death means the cessation of existence, it would have been foolish for God to describe Himself that way. Even the skeptical, worldly-minded Sadducees were not about to think of God as foolish.

Yeshua affirms the reality of the resurrection of the dead. He Himself would be the first. Rabbi Paul wrote to the believers in Corinth, saying, Now if Messiah is preached, that He has been raised from the dead, how do some among you say that there is no resurrection of the dead? But if there is no resurrection of the dead, not even Messiah has been raised; and if Messiah has not been raised, then our preaching is vain, your faith is also vain, moreover we are even found to be false witnesses of God… and if Messiah has not been raised, your faith is worthless; you are still in your sins. Then those also who have fallen asleep in Messiah have perished. If we have hoped in Messiah in this life only, we are of all men most to be pitied. But now Messiah has been raised from the dead, the first fruits of those who are asleep (1 Cor. 15:12-15a, 17-19).

So be encouraged and know that the One who is the ultimate authority on matters of both time and eternity assures us there will be a resurrection, and the World-to-Come is real.

But also learn from this…

The principle we need to remember is: the person who asks a question, the premise of which they themselves deny, is not interested in the answer. They are not really asking a question, just trying to make you look foolish. You’ll only look foolish if you treat their question as sincere. Answer the fool as his folly deserves.

The scoffer asks: “Can God make a rock so big even He Himself can’t move it?”

You reply: “Yeah – the one in your heart.”

Now we want to guard ourselves against becoming jaded. Frankly, I’ve been the target of so man disingenuous questions and disputations over the years that I have to fight the natural inclination to assume bad motives. Gratefully, there are those who ask questions in sincerity. Some questions are posed in order to obtain an answer or needed information. Others, equally valid, are posed more out of curiosity – somebody wanting to know your position on an issue. That can be a legitimate form of inquiry. The next question brought to Yeshua is illustrative of this.

III. A Question is a Question When Your Answer (even if disagreed with) is Welcomed and Heard

Verse 28 And one of the scribes came and heard them arguing, and recognizing that He had answered them well, asked Him, “What commandment is the foremost of all?”

There had for many years been an ongoing discussion among the rabbis and scholars as to whether the 613 commandments of the Torah could be summed up in just one or a few commandments. There is nothing surprising about this question put to Yeshua. Again, the more pressing issue is not the question itself, but the attitude of the one asking.

I don’t believe there is anything insincere about this question. Even though, as we will discover, this scribe already had a previously formed opinion, he earnestly wanted to hear Yeshua’s view, particularly in light of the deftness with which Yeshua had handled the trick question put to Him by the Sadducees. Let’s look at Yeshua’s answer to the scribe in verses 29-31

Verses 29-31 Yeshua answered, “The foremost is, Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord; and you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength.’ The second is this, ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself.’ There is no other commandment greater than these.”

Those words are the centerpiece of Jewish liturgy today. In synagogues all across the world the Shema is recited each week. Jewish people who otherwise have little or no knowledge of Hebrew can recite the Shema easily from memory. But Deuteronomy 6:4 does not contain a commandment, strictly speaking. It is, rather, a statement of absolute truth: Hear O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is One. The commandment comes in verse 5: And you shall love the Lord your God will all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your might. So of what use is it to repeat phrases learned by rote, if there is no love for God.

Those of you familiar with the Shema no doubt noticed that Yeshua added a word that does not exist in the Hebrew text of Deuteronomy chapter 6. Yeshua did not quote the passage verbatim, but employed a common rabbinical form of translating or paraphrasing of the Hebrew text of the Scriptures into Aramaic, known as a Targum. I say this because anti-missionary rabbis have criticized Yeshua for not quoting the Torah verbatim. What is so sinister about this argument is that they know full well that the rabbis rendered such paraphrases all the time, and in some cases their interpretations were so off-base and bizarre as to have almost no resemblance to the original text!

As evidence to support my thesis, let’s see what the scribe himself says in response:

Verses 32-33 And the scribe said to Him, “Right, Teacher, You have truly stated that He is One; and there is no one else besides Him; and to love him with all the heart and with all the understanding and with all the strength, and to love one’s neighbor as himself, is much more than all burnt offerings and sacrifices.”

Yeshua added the word “mind” to the text in His Targum. The scribe deleted “soul” and added “understanding”. You have to know that these liberties were taken all the time, and are evidence of the genuine Jewishness of the Gospel narratives. I am not suggesting you take such liberties yourself, however. We live in a culture that demands more precision than was the case 2,000 years ago.

Both Yeshua and the scribe agreed that Leviticus 19:18, the command to love your neighbor as yourself, goes hand-in-hand with the commandment to love the Lord. Talk is cheap. Anyone can say they love God, but unless they love others, it just isn’t true.

How are you doing? I confess I fall short in both categories. My love and loyalties and energies are sometimes very unfocused and sometimes divided. If you want to know how you’re doing in terms of loving the Lord your God, a pretty good barometer is whether you’re loving the people your God has put in your life. Let’s strive as a community of believers here at Shema to keep these two great commandments forefront in our minds and put them into action.

The scribe also says that to love the Lord your God and to love your neighbor as yourself is superior to burnt offerings and sacrifices. Some have attempted to make a dichotomy of this, as though it is one or the other. Not so! God’s word states clearly the life of the flesh is in the blood, and (God says) I have given it to you on the altar to make atonement for your souls, for it is blood by reason of the life that makes atonement (Lev. 17:11).

So you are to love the Lord your God and you are to love your neighbor, and you are to bring the required burnt offerings! Oh wait – you can’t, can you?! The rabbis have argued that prayers and repentance and righteous deeds take the place of those sacrifices, but that’s not what the Scriptures say. Nor was the scribe saying it was unnecessary. He was saying that one’s love for God and loving conduct toward one’s fellow human beings was the basis for all other commandments, and thus was weightier than ceremonial matters.

Verse 34 And when Yeshua saw that he had answered intelligently, He said to him, “You are not far from the kingdom of God.” And after that, no one would venture to ask Him any more questions.

Not very many people received such compliments from Yeshua. This scribe understood what really mattered to God. But we must not make these words mean more than they meant. That scribe, like every other human being, would eventually have to make a decision one way or the other: was Yeshua the Messiah, or a messianic imposter? There had already been quite a few pseudo-messiahs on the scene in the years leading up to the first century. Of these, Yeshua said, Amen, Amen, I say to you, I am the door of the sheep. All who came before Me are thieves and robbers, but the sheep did not hear them… I am the Good Shepherd… (John 10: 7-8, 11). Yeshua later warned us about false messiahs in the Last Days, saying, See to it that no one misleads you. For many will come in My name, saying ‘I am the Messiah,’ and will mislead many (Matthew 24:4-5).

So there we are. Yeshua has had some trap questions thrown at Him, and one good question – all potentially divisive, and handled them shrewdly and skillfully. I believe we are called to do likewise. Having all the right answers to questions put to you is not half as important as getting a good read on the person asking. That means be a good listener and pay attention to little things. A question is only a real question if the person asking is seeking answers, and is willing to entertain and interact with yours.

When next we pick up in Mark 12, Yeshua’s going to turn the tables on them. It will be His turn to ask the questions, and it will only take one, and it will shake their world!

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